Carbon photochemical escape rates from the modern Mars atmosphere

We provide a comprehensive update of photochemical escape rates of atomic carbon from the present-day Martian atmosphere using a one-dimensional photochemical model and a Monte Carlo escape model. The photochemical model incorporates new results relevant to carbon photochemistry at Mars, including new cross sections for photodissociation of CO₂ into C and O₂ (Lu et al. 2014) and electron impact dissociation of CO (Ajello et al. 2019). We find the newly included channel of CO₂ photodissociation to be the largest contributor to C escape, at 34%–58%. CO photodissociation and CO⁺ dissociative recombination, which have been discussed extensively in the literature, also show up as significant sources of hot C atoms, with respective contributions of 15%–23% and 7%–10%. Electron impact dissociation of CO₂ (11%–15%) and photoionization of CO (6%–20%) are also important channels. Overall, escape rates vary over 3–11×10²³ s⁻¹, with an increase of 70% at perihelion compared to aphelion, and a much larger increase of 133% at solar maximum compared to solar minimum. While these present escape rates give a total integrated escape of only 1.3 mbar of CO₂ when multiplied by 3.6 billion years, the better characterization of carbon photochemistry and escape from this study will enable us to more reliably extrapolate backwards in time to when conditions of the Martian atmosphere were significantly different from those of today.