@article{6496616574e84f3daf32b6fe2c6af964,
title = "Chemical interactions between Saturn's atmosphere and its rings",
abstract = "The Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft made close-up measurements of Saturn's ionosphere and upper atmosphere in the 1970s and 1980s that suggested a chemical interaction between the rings and atmosphere. Exploring this interaction provides information on ring composition and the influence on Saturn's atmosphere from infalling material.The Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer sampled in situ the region between the D ring and Saturn during the spacecraft's Grand Finale phase.We used these measurements to characterize the atmospheric structure and material influx from the rings.The atmospheric He/H2 ratio is 10 to 16%.Volatile compounds from the rings (methane; carbon monoxide and/or molecular nitrogen), as well as larger organic-bearing grains, are flowing inward at a rate of 4800 to 45,000 kilograms per second.",
author = "Waite, {J. H.} and Perryman, {R. S.} and Perry, {M. E.} and Miller, {K. E.} and J. Bell and Cravens, {T. E.} and Glein, {C. R.} and J. Grimes and M. Hedman and J. Cuzzi and T. Brockwell and B. Teolis and L. Moore and Mitchell, {D. G.} and A. Persoon and Kurth, {W. S.} and Wahlund, {J. E.} and M. Morooka and Hadid, {L. Z.} and S. Chocron and J. Walker and A. Nagy and R. Yelle and S. Ledvina and R. Johnson and W. Tseng and Tucker, {O. J.} and Ip, {W. H.}",
note = "Funding Information: Work performed by the Cassini INMS team was supported by NASA JPL subcontract (NASA contract NAS703001TONMO711123, JPL subcontract 1405853) and INMS science support grant NNX13AG63G (M.E.P.). J.-E.W., L.Z.H., and M.M. were supported by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB) for work and data from the RPWS/LP instrument on board Cassini; research at the University of Iowa was supported by NASA through contract 1415150 with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. J.C. was also supported by the Cassini project through his Interdisciplinary Scientist grant, NASA WBS 431924.02.01.02. D.G.M. was supported for his contribution by the NASA Office of Space Science under Task Order 003 of contract NAS5-97271 between NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Johns Hopkins University. W.T. was supported by Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology grant 106-2112-M-003-015 Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved.",
year = "2018",
month = oct,
day = "5",
doi = "10.1126/science.aat2382",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "362",
journal = "Science",
issn = "0036-8075",
publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
number = "6410",
}