@article{1840c3fd02e840e1a48592b60986f4a2,
title = "DNA patents and diagnostics: Not a pretty picture",
author = "Julia Carbone and Gold, \{E. Richard\} and Bhaven Sampat and Subhashini Chandrasekharan and Lori Knowles and Misha Angrist and Robert Cook-Deegan",
note = "Funding Information: In the case of Myriad, initial research took place at the University of Utah—with public funding from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH; Bethesda, MD, USA). The researchers then spun off Myriad, which attracted investment from Eli Lilly (Indianapolis, IN, USA) and succeeded in patenting BRCA1 and a diagnostic test for breast cancer (patents that were ultimately jointly assigned to the University of Utah, Myriad and the NIH). Rather than licensing out the test to clinical geneticists and laboratories around the world, Myriad required initial testing in each family to be performed at its laboratories in Salt Lake City. In the United States, the company sent out cease-and-desist letters to laboratories—both academic and commercial—already performing tests when the patent was issued. Funding Information: One prominent example of disputed norms is the controversy between Myriad and the University of Pennsylvania Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory (GDL; Philadelphia, PA). Although Myriad states that it is generally supportive of research, it nevertheless sent GDL a cease-and- desist letter because it did not consider GDL{\textquoteright}s activities to be research. To Myriad, GDL{\textquoteright}s provision of testing services to researchers was commercial, not a research service14. GDL took the position, however, that its activities, which supported others{\textquoteright} research, fell within the norm of tolerated research use, and much of the contested testing was part of clinical trials funded by the NCI, which is clearly clinical research. Much debate ensued, leaving many researchers with the (wrong) impression that Myriad would not tolerate any form of research.",
year = "2010",
month = aug,
doi = "10.1038/nbt0810-784",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "28",
pages = "784--791",
journal = "Nature Biotechnology",
issn = "1087-0156",
publisher = "Nature Research",
number = "8",
}