@article{87d131823f964d528be9cb35125c9bf5,
title = "Exclusionary discipline in U.S. public schools: A comparative examination of use in Pre-Kindergarten and K-12 grades",
abstract = "The use of exclusionary discipline (ExD) was compared for U.S. public pre-kindergarten (Pre-K) and K-12 grades within the same school. ExD rates were 10 times higher in K-12 than in Pre-K when calculated for all schools but ExD rates were comparable for schools that reported at least one case of ExD in Pre-K. Additionally, disparities in the use of ExD were observed for both Pre-K and K-12 schools: higher rates were found for boys relative to girls, for Black children relative to White children, and for charter schools relative to non-charter schools. While most schools did not use ExD, when they did, they did so at high rates. The use of ExD appears to be associated with school-level factors including a culture of use.",
keywords = "Exclusionary Discipline, Expulsion, Pre-Kindergarten, Public Schools, Suspension",
author = "Fabes, {Richard A.} and Matthew Quick and Evandra Catherine and Aryn Musgrave",
note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by a grant from the Administration of Children and Families (90Y#0122-01-00). Richard A. Fabes also was supported by a grant from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, (R305A180028). The authors also wish to thank Faith Mackenzie and Veronica Brady for their many helpful contributions to this research. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the ACF, IES, the U.S. Department of Education. We have no conflicts of interest to report. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.",
year = "2021",
doi = "10.1080/03055698.2021.1941782",
language = "English (US)",
journal = "Educational Studies",
issn = "0305-5698",
publisher = "Routledge",
}