Rainfall characteristics of recurving tropical cyclones over the Western North Pacific

A dataset of 88 recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones from 2004 to 2015 is investigated for rainfall characteristics during their period of recurvature. The TCs are categorized into two groups based on different large-scale patterns from empirical orthogonal function analysis. Group 1 is characterized by an intense midlatitude baroclinic zone and close distance between the zone and TC, while Group 2 is characterized by a weaker midlatitude baroclinic zone and more remote distance between the zone and TC at the time of recurvature. The results show the large-scale environment has substantial impact on TC rainfall patterns. In Group 1, as the TC approaches and is embedded into the baroclinic zone, a relatively strong interaction between the TC and midlatitudes occurs, which is reflected by a rapid increase of environmental vertical wind shear and TC translation speed, the alignment of the shear vector and motion vector, and a sharp contrast of temperature and moisture. Higher rainfall and wider coverage of rainfall tends to be produced along the track after recurvature, and the rainfall pattern turns from a right-of-track (ROT) to a left-of-track (LOT) preference. Conversely, in Group 2, a relatively weak interaction between the TC and midlatitude circulation occurs, which is reflected by weaker vertical wind shear and slower TC motion, a separation of the shear vector and motion vector, and a weak gradient of temperature and moisture. The corresponding rainfall swath for Group 2 exhibits a narrower rainfall swath after recurvature. The rain pattern changes from a LOT to ROT preference.