Rangeland biodiversity

In its simplest form, biodiversity is defined as species richness (the number of species in a given area). More complex definitions include the variety of life on Earth, from genes to ecosystems, and include the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain that life. As in other ecosystems, biological communities in rangelands are influenced by a number of different abiotic and biotic drivers or "filters" at both broad and fine scales, and an understanding of these processes is critical for maintaining ecosystem services as well as addressing widespread biodi-versity declines. In rangeland ecosystems specifically, the primary threats to biodi-versity are habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation through mismanagement, which includes suppression or mis-application of historical disturbance regimes. Restoring heterogeneity to rangelands by mimicking historical disturbance regimes has been shown to benefit biodiversity, but the exact role of disturbance varies widely throughout North American rangelands. As such, careful consideration of the type, duration/periodicity, intensity, and spatial and temporal extent and config-uration of these disturbances is necessary when managing for site-specific biodi-versity outcomes. It is important to consider the effects of both inherent (i.e., either natural or historical) and human-caused variability on rangeland plant and wildlife communities. In the future, practitioners should promote management prac-tices that maintain and enhance biodiversity to maximize ecosystem functions and services that improve the quality and quantity of economic (e.g., livestock produc-tion, carbon banking) and ecological (e.g., biodiversity, sustainability) outcomes in North American rangelands.