@article{877de30a7adb4405a0df814700c39473,
title = "Refuges of conventional host plants counter dominant resistance of cotton bollworm to transgenic Bt cotton",
abstract = "Transgenic crops have revolutionized insect pest control, but evolution of resistance by pests threatens their continued success. The primary strategy for combating pest resistance to crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) uses refuges of non-Bt host plants to allow survival of susceptible insects. The prevailing paradigm is that refuges delay resistance that is rare and recessively inherited. However, we discovered refuges countered resistance to Bt cotton that was neither rare nor recessive. In a 15-year field study of the cotton bollworm, the frequency of a mutation conferring dominant resistance to Bt cotton surged 100-fold from 2006 to 2016 yet did not rise from 2016 to 2020. Computer simulations indicate the increased refuge percentage from 2016 to 2020 is sufficient to explain the observed halt in the evolution of resistance. The results also demonstrate the efficacy of a Bt crop can be sustained by non-Bt refuges of other crops.",
keywords = "Evolutionary ecology, Interaction of plants with organisms, Sequence analysis",
author = "Fang Guan and Xiaoguang Dai and Bofeng Hou and Shuwen Wu and Yihua Yang and Yanhui Lu and Kongming Wu and Tabashnik, {Bruce E.} and Yidong Wu",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (Grant no. 2016ZX08012 ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 31530060 ), and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture grants 2018-67013-27821 and 2020-67013-31924 . Funding Information: This work was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (Grant no. 2016ZX08012), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 31530060), and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture grants 2018-67013-27821 and 2020-67013-31924. Y.W. designed the research; F.G. X.D. B.H. S.W. Y.Y. and Y.L. performed the research; F.G. K.W. B.E.T. and Y.W. analyzed the data; B.E.T. conducted the modeling; B.E.T. drafted the paper and all other authors provided input. The authors other than B.E.T. declare no conflict of interest. B.E.T. is co-author of a patent on modified Bt toxins (Suppression of Resistance in Insects to B. thuringiensis Cry Toxins, Using Toxins that do not Require the Cadherin Receptor, CA2690188A1, CN101730712A, EP2184293A2,EP2184293A4, EP2184293B1, WO2008150150A2, and WO2008150150A3). BASF, Bayer CropScience, Corteva, and Syngenta did not provide funding to support this work but have funded other work by B.E.T. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Author(s)",
year = "2023",
month = may,
day = "19",
doi = "10.1016/j.isci.2023.106768",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "26",
journal = "iScience",
issn = "2589-0042",
publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",
number = "5",
}