@article{fbe6de1b280c44018542fd211091ce68,
title = "The effects of estradiol-17β on the sex reversal, survival, and growth of green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus",
abstract = "The feminization of green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus could expand their utility as a game fish or aquacultured species by preventing overcrowding and precocious reproduction in stocked systems. Feminization of green sunfish could also help elucidate information on their sex determination system. We report the feminization of green sunfish cohorts via oral administration of estradiol-17β (E2) during early development. A low-dose (100 E2 mg per kg of diet) and a high-dose (150 E2 mg per kg of diet) experimental E2 treatment were fed to juvenile green sunfish from 30 to 90 days post-hatch. Fish were subsequently evaluated for any treatment effect on gonadal development, survival, and growth. Both E2 treatments resulted in 100% feminization, with no morphological or histological differences detected between E2 treated ovaries and those from a control group. The control group was composed mostly of males (82.61%). Overall, there was no effect of E2 on survival (P = 0.310) and growth rate data suggested no statistical differences (P = 0.0805). However, the growth rate of the high-dose group increased slightly higher after the treatment ended than the other treatments (P = 0.042), suggesting that E2 might suppress growth in green sunfish. In addition, the control group did not exhibit a higher survival rate after the treatment period ended (P = 0.266), whereas both E2 treated groups did (P = 0.0003–0.0050). We found that the low dose, 100 E2 mg per kg of diet, was sufficient for fully feminizing green sunfish if administered during development from 30 to 90 days post-hatch and E2 dosages may result in deleterious effects on green sunfish's health and growth.",
keywords = "Exogenous steroids, Feminization, Neofemales",
author = "Teal, {Chad N.} and Schill, {Daniel J.} and Fogelson, {Susan B.} and Roberts, {Colby M.} and Kevin Fitzsimmons and Bauder, {Javan M.} and Stewart, {William T.} and Bonar, {Scott A.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for funding this research (United States Bureau of Reclamation, grant number G18AC0061 and modification G19AC0039). Gabriella Buonavolonta, Kylee Rath, Suhailah Hussein, Cora Thomas, Kim Smoot and Jesus Bustamante assisted with data collection and construction and maintenance of aquaculture systems. Nathan Berg with the Arizona Game and Fish Department assisted with green sunfish broodstock collection. Chris Jenney, Kaitlyn Gahl, Zach Nemec, Larissa Lee, Taylor Ulrich, Emily Freed, Joshua Grant, Steven Ingram, and Erin Tracy with the University of Arizona provided assistance with construction of the aquaculture system and provided research advice. Liz Mamer with Idaho Department of Fish and Game assisted in analyzing histology slides. We thank Han Liu and Dr. Yushun Chen with the Wuhan University and Chinese Academy of Sciences for translating the paper by Yun-Chang et al. (2008). There is no conflict of interest declared in this study. The comments of eight anonymous reviewers improved the quality of this manuscript. Funding Information: We thank the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for funding this research ( United States Bureau of Reclamation , grant number G18AC0061 and modification G19AC0039 ). Gabriella Buonavolonta, Kylee Rath, Suhailah Hussein, Cora Thomas, Kim Smoot and Jesus Bustamante assisted with data collection and construction and maintenance of aquaculture systems. Nathan Berg with the Arizona Game and Fish Department assisted with green sunfish broodstock collection. Chris Jenney, Kaitlyn Gahl, Zach Nemec, Larissa Lee, Taylor Ulrich, Emily Freed, Joshua Grant, Steven Ingram, and Erin Tracy with the University of Arizona provided assistance with construction of the aquaculture system and provided research advice. Liz Mamer with Idaho Department of Fish and Game assisted in analyzing histology slides. We thank Han Liu and Dr. Yushun Chen with the Wuhan University and Chinese Academy of Sciences for translating the paper by Yun-Chang et al. (2008) . There is no conflict of interest declared in this study. The comments of eight anonymous reviewers improved the quality of this manuscript. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier B.V.",
year = "2023",
month = jan,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738853",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "562",
journal = "Aquaculture",
issn = "0044-8486",
publisher = "Elsevier",
}