TMT-Based Proteomic Analysis of Human Spermatozoa from Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriage Patients before and after Oral Antioxidant Treatment

Recently, sperm quality and the presence of double-stranded breaks (DSB) has been pointed out as a possible cause of recurrent miscarriage, and the use of antioxidants has expanded as a treatment for male infertility. The aim of the present study was to analyze the proteomic effects of antioxidants on sperm from RM patients with high incidence of DSB. Proteomic analysis was performed using a tandem mass tag labeling technique, and subsequently compared with the PANTHER database for DEPs, and the STRING database for protein–protein interactions (PPI). Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) both before and after antioxidant oral treatment were identified. PPI involving DEPs clustered into networks related to cell metabolism, cytoskeleton, and DNA damage. Results show that the sperm proteomic profiles before and after antioxidant treatment do not significantly differ from each other. However, some DEPs found after the antioxidant treatment shifted towards a DEPs profile typical of fertile donors. This indirect measurement suggests an improvement caused by antioxidants on the expression of several proteins. Among them were proteins involved in sperm DNA remodeling (LMO7, MMP28, BNC2, H2B, and PRDM2). The results presented here represent the first approach in the analysis and repair of the proteomic change caused by antioxidants in recurrent miscarriage patients, elucidating biomarkers that may be useful for the diagnosis and further sperm selection in this type of patient. Further studies should be conducted to validate the usefulness of these biomarkers in larger study groups.